The Approach of Anatomists towards Voluntary Body Donation: Inspiring or Dispiriting???

Background: Body donation is a noble act towardscontributing to medical education and research.Although anatomists encourage the general populationto donate bodies, the attitude of anatomists towarddonating their bodies is less discussed in the literature.Aim and Objectives: The present study was conductedto obtain the knowledge, attitude and practice ofanatomists towards voluntary body donation. Materialand Methods: The study was conducted among theanatomists of different Medical Colleges of SouthIndia. To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practicesof voluntary body donation, a semi-structuredquestionnaire was designed and distributed to theanatomists. Results: The study involved 102anatomists. The majority 58.3% stated that the primarysource of supply of cadavers was from the bodydonation program. When it came to voluntary bodydonation, only 32.4% of the anatomists were willing todonate their bodies. The facilitating factors forwillingness to donate were contributions to medicaleducation 60.3%, personal satisfaction 7.4%,motivation to the general public 4.4%, andencouragement from a close friend/ colleague 2.9%.The factors that abstained individuals from donatingwere: restriction from family members 30.9%, malhandling of the cadavers 29.4%, and ritual beliefs20.6%. Conclusion: The approach of anatomiststowards donating their bodies is not promising. It maydiscourage the general public from donating theirbodies. Therefore, it is equally important to inspire andencourage the anatomists towards body donation.

Effect of Diabetes on the Male Reproductive System­A Histomorphological Study

Introduction Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lack of insulin production by the ß cells of the pancreas. This lack of insulin causes a variety of systemic effects on the metabolism of the body, one of which is reproductive dysfunction. The present study investigates the effects of diabetes on the male reproductive system of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods A total of 18 adult male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were included in the present study. The animals were divided into normal and diabetic groups. The diabetic group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups with durations of 24 and 48 days. A single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight) was administrated intraperitoneally to the animals of the diabetic group. After the planned duration, the testes and epididymides were dissected, and their gross weight was measured. The tissues were then processed for histological study. Results The gross weight of the testes and epididymides in diabetic rats at 24 and 48 days showed a decrease in comparison to the control. (p < 0.01 for testes and epididymides). Diabetic animals presented a significant decrease in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The epididymides in the diabetic groups showed a considerable reduction in the tubular surface area compared with the control group (p < 0.01). There was also a reduction in the mean diameter, which was measured using the maximum and minimum diameter of the tubules (p < 0.01). Conclusion The present study is an insight into the adverse effects that diabetes can have on the tissue structure of the testes, of the epididymides, and ultimately on the process of spermatogenesis.

A Cadaveric Study Of The Internal Occipital Crest And Vermian Fossa With Its Clinical Significance

Background: The anatomical variabilities of the internal occipital crest (IOC) and vermian fossa (VF) may influencethe related dural venous sinuses and further effect the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. It is also associated withthe pathologies around the foramen magnum like Arnold Chiari malformation, certain cases of cerebellar corticaldysplasia.Aim: The present study was designed to explore and evaluate the morphological and morphometric details of theIOC and VF.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 40 adult cadavers (23 males & 17 females). The morphologyand morphometry of IOC and VF were studied. Based on the observations, the VF was classified into five types:Type 1- classical (well defined fossa), Type II-short triangular, Type III- elongated triangular, Type IV-quadrangularand Type V-deviated.Results: The IOC was found to be variable both in terms of morphology and morphometry. The morphologicalobservations included varied shapes, i.e., sharp (65%), blunt (30 %) and ill-defined (5 %). The length of the IOCwas also variable with a mean length of 2.97 ± 0.16 cm. The mean width at upper, middle and lower levels were0.9 ± 0.10 cm, 0.75 ± 0.17 cm, 1.10 ± 0.12 cm respectively.The incidence of the VF was found to be about 80%. The VF was classified into types based on its varied shape:classical (Type I ;56.25 %), short triangular (Type II ;21.87%), elongated triangular (Type III;12.5%) and quadrangular(Type 1V;6.25 %) respectively. In one specimen, the VF was deviated to the left side (type V ;3.12%). The mean lengthand width of the fossa were 1.67±0.34 cm and 1.80±0.34 cm respectively.Conclusion: The present study on the morphology and morphometry of the IOC and the VF may serve as databaseand further help clinicians to improve the diagnosis and therapeutic performances in the posterior cranialfossa.

A cadaveric study of the testicular artery and its clinical significance / Um estudo da artéria testicular em cadáveres e sua relevância clínica

Abstract Background Knowledge of testicular artery variations is vital to ensure that they are not neglected during a variety of different operative techniques, since damage can cause testicular atrophy. Objectives The present study was therefore intended to identify variants in the origin and course of the testicular arteries. An attempt was made to classify the arteries based on their various origins. Methods This study examined 42 formalin-fixed cadavers of 40 to 70-year-old adult males. Variant origins of the testicular artery were identified and classified. Variations in the origin and course of the artery were colored, photographed, and documented. The distances between the origins of the testicular arteries and the mid-points of the origins of the renal arteries were measured. Results Testicular arteries were classified into four categories on the basis of origin. This variability was defined in relation to the renal and inferior mesenteric arteries. The mean distance between the origin of the testicular artery and the mid-point of the origin of the renal artery were 3.08 and 3.47 cm, on the right and left sides respectively. Variations were almost exclusively found on the left side. The variations observed included multiple arterial twigs forming the testicular artery, suprarenal arteries arising from the testicular artery, and testicular artery duplication. Conclusion This study provides an insight into variations in the testicular artery and proposes a classification which could help surgeons during a variety of procedures on the male abdomen and pelvis.

Resumo Contexto O conhecimento de variações da artéria testicular é vital para assegurar que essas artérias não serão negligenciadas durante a realização de diferentes técnicas operatórias, já que qualquer dano poderia causar atrofia testicular. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variações na origem e no trajeto das artérias testiculares. Foi feita uma tentativa de classificar as artérias com base em suas diferentes origens. Métodos Este estudo examinou 42 cadáveres de adultos do sexo masculino com idade entre 40 e 70 anos preservados em formol. As diferentes origens da artéria testicular foram identificadas e classificadas. Variações na origem e no trajeto da artérias foram coloridas, fotografadas e documentadas. Foram medidas as distâncias entre a origem das artérias testiculares e o ponto médio da origem das artérias renais. Resultados As artérias testiculares foram classificadas em quatro categorias com base em sua origem. Essa variabilidade foi definida com relação às artérias renal e mesentérica inferior. A distância média entre a origem da artéria testicular e o ponto médio da origem da artéria renal foi de 3,08 e 3,47 cm nos lados direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. As variações foram encontradas quase exclusivamente no lado esquerdo. As variações observadas incluíram múltiplos ramúsculos formando a artéria testicular, artérias suprarrenais surgindo a partir da artéria testicular, e duplicação da artéria testicular. Conclusão Este estudo traz informações sobre variações da artéria testicular e propõe uma classificação que poderia ajudar os cirurgiões durante diferentes procedimentos realizados no abdome e na pelve de pacientes do sexo masculino.

DIVA Vaccines: A Brief Review on its Novel Facets for the Eradication of Infections of Livestock and Poultry.

DIVA vaccines also known as Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals help in the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. The first DIVA vaccines were known as marker vaccines. The term DIVA vaccine was coined in 1999 and the accompanying diagnostic tests were developed by J.T. van Oirschot and colleagues at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad, The Netherlands [1], [2].